Conjugator | Rules

(hidden)	Action	Rule	Scope	Form	Description
General	Form VIII infix	A1	ALL	VIII	Let infix tā assimilate to R1 if R1 in (tā , ṯā , dāl , ṭā , ẓā).
General	Form VIII infix	A2	ALL	VIII	Change infix tā and R1 to dāl if R1 = ḏāl.
General	Form VIII infix	A3	ALL	VIII	Change infix tā to dāl if R1 = zāy.
General	Form VIII infix	A4	ALL	VIII	Change infix tā to ṭā if R1 in (ṣād, ḍād).
Geminated	R2/R3 coincide	C1	ALL	not (II,V)	Let R2 and R3 coincide if both R1 and R3 have a vowel in the morpheme type.
Geminated	R2/R3 coincide	C2	ALL	not (II,V)	Let R2, R3 coincide if R3 has a vowel in the morpheme type. R1 gets the R2 vowel if it has none.
Geminated	aux.vowel	C3	imperativus	I	Drop leading auxiliary vowel if R1 has a vowel.
Assimilated	R1 dropped	B1	all but perfectum	I-aa, I-ai, I-ii	Drop R1=wāw.
Assimilated	Form VIII infix	B2	ALL	VIII	Change R1=wāw and Form VIII infix tā to tā-šadda, and drop sukūn on R1.
Assimilated	aux.vowel	B3	imperativus	I-aa, I-ai, I-ii	Drop leading auxiliary vowel if R2 has a vowel (R1=wāw).
Assimilated	iw > ī	B4	imperativus	I-ia	Replace auxiliary vowel i and R1=wāw by long vowel ī, and drop sukūn on R1.
Assimilated	sukūn	B5	imperativus	I-uu	Drop sukūn on R1=wāw.
Assimilated	sukūn	B6	imperativus	I-aa, I-ai, I-ia	Drop sukūn on R1=yā'.
Assimilated	uy > ū	B7	imperativus	I-uu	Replace auxiliary vowel u and R1=yā by long vowel ū, and drop sukūn on R1.
Assimilated	uy > ū	B8	imperf./participles	IV	Replace prefix vowel u and R1=yā by long vowel ū, and drop sukūn on R1.
Assimilated	sukūn	B9	imperf./participles	IV	Drop sukūn on R1=wāw.
Assimilated	aux.vowel	B10	imperativus	I-ia	Drop leading auxiliary vowel if R1 has a vowel (R1=wāw).
Assimilated	R1> yā	B11	masdar	IV, X	Change wāw to yā and drop sukūn on R1.
Assimilated	sukūn	B12	masdar	X	Drop sukūn on R1=yā'.
General	R3 separated	J1	perfectum	IX	Separate double R3 with fatḥa if R3 has sukūn.
General	R3 separated	J2	all but perfectum	IX	Separate double R3 with kasra if R3 has sukūn.
Defective	R3 > yā	D0	ALL	II-X	Change R3=wāw to yā.
Defective	R3 dropped	D1	ALL	ALL	Drop R3 unless it has sukūn in the morph.type/is followed by ā/is part of iya or uwa.
Defective	aat > at	D2	ALL	I-aa, I-ai, I-au, II-X	Replace fatḥa-fatḥa-tā by fatḥa-tā.
Defective	aa > ā	D3	ALL	I-au	Replace fatḥa-fatḥa by fatḥa-alif (mamdūda).
Defective	aa > ā	D4	ALL	I-aa, I-ai, I-ia, II-X	Replace fatḥa-fatḥa by fatḥa-alif (maqṣūra).
Defective	uu > ū	D5	ALL	I-au	Replace ḍamma-ḍamma by ḍamma-wāw.
Defective	aū > aw	D6	ALL	I-aa, I-ai, Iau, I-ia, II-X	Replace fatḥa-ḍamma-wāw by fatḥa-wāw.
Defective	uū > ū	D7	ALL	I-au	Replace ḍamma-ḍamma-wāw by ḍamma-wāw.
Defective	uī > ī	D8	ALL	I-au	Replace ḍamma-kasra-yā by kasra-yā.
Defective	au > ā	D9	ALL	I-aa, I-ia, V, VI	Replace fatḥa-ḍamma by fatḥa-alif (maqṣūra).
Defective	aī > ay	D10	ALL	I-aa, I-ia, V, VI	Replace fatḥa-kasra-yā by fatḥa-yā.
Defective	iū > ū	D11	ALL	I-ai, I-ia, I-ii, II-IV, VII-X	Replace kasra-ḍamma-wāw by ḍamma-wāw.
Defective	iī > ī	D12	ALL	I-ai, I-ii, II-IV, VII-X	Replace kasra-kasra-yā by kasra-yā.
Defective	iu > ī	D13	ALL	I-ai, I-ii, II-IV, VII-X	Replace kasra-ḍamma by kasra-yā.
Defective	uw > u	D14	apocopatus, imperativus	I-au	Replace trailing ḍamma-wāw by ḍamma and drop sukūn.
Defective	iy > i	D15	apocopatus, imperativus	I-ai, I-ii, II-IV, VII-X	Replace trailing kasra-yā by kasra and drop sukūn.
Defective	ay > a	D16	apocopatus, imperativus	I-aa, I-ia, V, VI	Replace trailing fatḥa-yā by fatḥa and drop sukūn.
Defective	sukūn	D17	ALL	I-au	Remove sukūn from wāw when wāw is preceded by ḍamma.
Defective	sukūn	D18	ALL	I-ai, I-ia, I-ii, II-IV, VII-X	Remove sukūn from yā when yā is preceded by kasra.
Defective	sukūn	D19	ALL	I-aa, I-ia, V, VI	Insert sukūn after trailing fatḥa-yā.
Defective	sukūn	D20	ALL	I-aa, I-ai, I-au, I-ia, II-X	Insert sukūn on yā after trailing fatḥa-yā.
Defective	sukūn	D21	ALL	I-aa, I-ia, V, VI	Insert sukūn after yā in fatḥa-yā-nūn.
Defective	sukūn	D22	ALL	I-aa, I-ia, V, VI	Insert sukūn after wāw in fatḥa-wāw-nūn.
Defective	yā-alif	D23	ALL	ALL	Replace alif maqṣūra by alif mamdūda in trailing yā-fatḥa-alif (maqṣūra)
Defective	yā-alif	D24	ALL	ALL	Replace alif maqṣūra by alif mamdūda in trailing yā-šadda-fatḥa-alif (maqṣūra)
Defective	tā marbūta	D25	masdar	II	Change suffix to tā marbūta.
Defective	aa > ā	D26	masdar	III	Replace fatḥa-fatḥa by fatḥa-alif (mamdūda).
Defective	hamza	D27	masdar	IV, VII, VIII, X	Change R3 to hamza.
Defective	kasratan	D28	masdar	V, VI	Set suffix to kasratan.
Defective	kasratan	D29	active participle	I-aa, I-ai, I-au, I-ia, I-ii	Set suffix to kasratan.
Defective	yā-šadda	D30	passive participle	I-aa, I-ai, I-ia, I-ii	Replace ḍamma-wāw-yā in root-on-morph.type by kasra-yā-šadda.
Defective	wāw-šadda	D31	passive particple	I-au	Replace ḍamma-wāw-wāw in root-on-morph.type by ḍamma-wāw-šadda.
Defective	kasratan	D32	active participle	II, V	Set suffix to kasratan.
Defective	kasratan	D33	active participle	III, IV, VI, VII, VIII, X	Set suffix to kasratan.
Defective	fatḥatan	D34	passive participle	II, V	Set suffix to fatḥatan+alif maqsūra.
Defective	fatḥatan	D35	passive participle	III, IV, VI, VII, VIII, X	Set suffix to fatḥatan+alif maqsūra.
Hollow	aR2a > ā	E1	perfectum	I-au	Replace aR2a by long vowel ā if R3 has a vowel.
Hollow	aR2a > u	E2	perfectum	I-au	Replace aR2a by short vowel u if R3 has sukūn.
Hollow	R2u > ū	E3	imperfectum	I-au	Replace R2u by long vowel ū if R3 has a vowel.
Hollow	R2u > u	E4	imperfectum	I-au	Replace R2u by short vowel u if R3 has sukūn.
Hollow	aR2a > ā	E5	perfectum	I-ai	Replace aR2a by long vowel ā if R3 has a vowel.
Hollow	aR2a > i	E6	perfectum	I-ai	Replace aR2a by short vowel i if R3 has sukūn.
Hollow	R2i > ī	E7	imperfectum	I-ai	Replace R2i by long vowel ī if R3 has a vowel.
Hollow	R2i > i	E8	imperfectum	I-ai	Replace R2i by short vowel i if R3 has sukūn.
Hollow	aR2i > ā	E9	perfectum	I-ia	Replace aR2i by long vowel ā if R3 has a vowel.
Hollow	aR2i > i	E10	perfectum	I-ia	Replace aR2i by short vowel i if R3 has sukūn.
Hollow	R2a > ā	E11	imperfectum	I-ia	Replace R2a by long vowel ā if R3 has a vowel.
Hollow	R2a > a	E12	imperfectum	I-ia	Replace R2a by short vowel a if R3 has sukūn.
Hollow	R2a/i > a/i	E13	ALL	IV, X	Replace R2a/i by short vowel a/i if R3 has sukūn.
Hollow	R2a > ā	E14	ALL	IV, X	Replace R2a by long vowel ā if R3 has a vowel.
Hollow	R2i > ī	E15	ALL	IV, X	Replace R2i by long vowel ī if R3 has a vowel.
Hollow	aR2a/i > a	E16	ALL	VII, VIII	Replace aR2a/i by short vowel a if R3 has sukūn.
Hollow	aR2a/i > ā	E17	ALL	VII, VIII	Replace aR2a/i by long vowel ā if R3 has a vowel.
Hollow	aux.vowel	E18	imperativus	I	Drop leading auxiliary vowel if R1 has a vowel.
Hollow	tā marbūta	E19	masdar	IV, X	Set suffix to tā marbūta.
Hollow	R2 > yā	E20	masdar	VII, VIII	Change R2 to yā.
Hollow	R2 > hamza	E21	active participle	I-aa, I-ai, I-au, I-ia	Change R2 to hamza.
Hollow	ḍamma-wāw	E22	passive participle	I-aa, I-ai, I-au, I-ia	Replace wāw-ḍamma-wāw by ḍamma-wāw if R2=wāw.
Hollow	kasra-yā	E23	passive participle	I-aa, I-ai, I-au, I-ia	Replace yā-ḍamma-wāw by kasra-yā if R2=yā.
Hollow	kasra-yā	E24	active participle	IV, X	Change R2-kasra to kasra-yā.
Hollow	fatḥa-alif	E25	passive participle	IV, X	Change R2-fatḥa to fatḥa-alif.
Hollow	fatḥa-alif	E26	act/pass participle	VII, VIII	Change R2-fatḥa/kasra to fatḥa-alif.
Hamzated	chair	F1	ALL	ALL	Give R1=hamza a chair in accordance with the chair rules.
Hamzated	Form VIII infix	F3	ALL	VIII	Change R1= hamza and Form VIII infix tā to tā-šadda, and drop sukūn on R1.
Hamzated	alif-madda	F4	ALL	not VIII	Replace hamza, prefix fatḥa and R1=hamza by alif-madda, and drop sukūn on R1=hamza.
Hamzated	alif-madda	F5	ALL	not VIII	Replace R1=hamza and fatḥa-alif by alif-madda.
Hamzated	'u' > 'ū	F6	ALL	IV	Replace prefix vowel u and R1=hamza by long vowel ū.
Hamzated	alif-madda	F7	ALL	VIII	Replace hamza, prefix fatḥa and R1=hamza by alif-madda, and drop sukūn on R1=hamza.
Hamzated	'i' > ' ī	F8	imperativus	I-aa, I-ai, I-ia	Replace auxiliary vowel i and R1=hamza by long vowel ī.
Hamzated	'u' > 'ū	F9	imperativus	I-au	Replace auxiliary vowel u and R1=hamza by long vowel ū.
Hamzated	aux.vowel	F10	imperativus	I-aa, I-ai, I-ia	Drop leading auxiliary vowel if R1=hamza has a vowel.
Hamzated	R1 dropped	F11	imperativus	I-au	Drop R1=hamza for 3 verbs.
Hamzated	R1 > yā	F12	masdar	IV	Replace R1=hamza by yā.
Hamzated	alif-madda	F13	masdar	VI	Replace R1=hamza and fatḥa-alif by alif-madda.
Hamzated	alif-madda	F14	active participle	I-aa, I-ai, I-au, I-ia	Replace R1=hamza and fatḥa-alif by alif-madda.
Hamzated	alif-madda	F15	act/pass participle	VI	Replace R1=hamza and fatḥa-alif by alif-madda.
Hamzated	chair	G1	ALL	ALL	Give R2=hamza a chair in accordance with the chair rules.
Hamzated	alif-madda	G2	masdar	IV	Replace R2=hamza and fatḥa-alif by alif-madda.
Hamzated	alif-madda	G3	masdar	X	Replace R2=hamza and fatḥa-alif by alif-madda.
Hamzated	chair	H1	ALL	ALL	Give R3=hamza a chair in accordance with the chair rules.
Hamzated	alif-madda	H2	ALL	ALL	Replace R3=hamza and fatḥa-alif by alif-madda.
Hamzated	tā marbūta	H3	masdar	II	Set suffix to tā marbūta.
Hamzated	kasratan	H4	active participle	I-aa, I-ai, I-au, I-ia	Set suffix to kasratan.
Special	R2 dropped	K1	apocopatus, imperativus	I-aa, IV	Drop R2=hamza.
Special	R2 dropped	K2	all but perfectum	I-aa	Drop R2=hamza.
Special	R2 dropped	K3	ALL	IV	Drop R2=hamza.
Special	aux.vowel	K4	imperativus	I-aa	Drop leading auxiliary vowel if R1 has a vowel.
Special	R2 dropped	K6	masdar	IV	Drop R2=hamza.
Special	tā marbūta	K7	masdar	IV	Set suffix to tā marbūta.
Special	R2 dropped	K8	act/pass participle	IV	Drop R2=hamza.
General	tašdīd	X1	ALL	ALL	Replace nūn-nūn by nūn-šadda if R3=nūn and drop sukūn.
General	tašdīd	X2	ALL	ALL	Replace tā-tā by tā-šadda if R3=tā and drop sukūn.
General	h-sukūn	X3	imperativus	ALL	Add hā-sukūn to verbal form if length of verbal form is 2.

Action

Rule

Scope

Form

Description

Form VIII infix

ALL

VIII

Let infix tā assimilate to R1 if R1 in (tā , ṯā , dāl , ṭā , ẓā).

Form VIII infix

ALL

VIII

Change infix tā and R1 to dāl if R1 = ḏāl.

Form VIII infix

ALL

VIII

Change infix tā to dāl if R1 = zāy.

Form VIII infix

ALL

VIII

Change infix tā to ṭā if R1 in (ṣād, ḍād).

R2/R3 coincide

ALL

not (II,V)

Let R2 and R3 coincide if both R1 and R3 have a vowel in the morpheme type.

R2/R3 coincide

ALL

not (II,V)

Let R2, R3 coincide if R3 has a vowel in the morpheme type. R1 gets the R2 vowel if it has none.

aux.vowel

imperativus

Drop leading auxiliary vowel if R1 has a vowel.

R1 dropped

all but perfectum

I-aa, I-ai, I-ii

Drop R1=wāw.

Form VIII infix

ALL

VIII

Change R1=wāw and Form VIII infix tā to tā-šadda, and drop sukūn on R1.

aux.vowel

imperativus

I-aa, I-ai, I-ii

Drop leading auxiliary vowel if R2 has a vowel (R1=wāw).

iw > ī

imperativus

I-ia

Replace auxiliary vowel i and R1=wāw by long vowel ī, and drop sukūn on R1.

sukūn

imperativus

I-uu

Drop sukūn on R1=wāw.

sukūn

imperativus

I-aa, I-ai, I-ia

Drop sukūn on R1=yā'.

uy > ū

imperativus

I-uu

Replace auxiliary vowel u and R1=yā by long vowel ū, and drop sukūn on R1.

uy > ū

imperf./participles

Replace prefix vowel u and R1=yā by long vowel ū, and drop sukūn on R1.

sukūn

imperf./participles

Drop sukūn on R1=wāw.

aux.vowel

B10

imperativus

I-ia

Drop leading auxiliary vowel if R1 has a vowel (R1=wāw).

R1> yā

B11

masdar

IV, X

Change wāw to yā and drop sukūn on R1.

sukūn

B12

masdar

Drop sukūn on R1=yā'.

R3 separated

perfectum

Separate double R3 with fatḥa if R3 has sukūn.

R3 separated

all but perfectum

Separate double R3 with kasra if R3 has sukūn.

R3 > yā

ALL

II-X

Change R3=wāw to yā.

R3 dropped

ALL

Drop R3 unless it has sukūn in the morph.type/is followed by ā/is part of iya or uwa.

aat > at

ALL

I-aa, I-ai, I-au, II-X

Replace fatḥa-fatḥa-tā by fatḥa-tā.

aa > ā

ALL

I-au

Replace fatḥa-fatḥa by fatḥa-alif (mamdūda).

aa > ā

ALL

I-aa, I-ai, I-ia, II-X

Replace fatḥa-fatḥa by fatḥa-alif (maqṣūra).

uu > ū

ALL

I-au

Replace ḍamma-ḍamma by ḍamma-wāw.

aū > aw

ALL

I-aa, I-ai, Iau, I-ia, II-X

Replace fatḥa-ḍamma-wāw by fatḥa-wāw.

uū > ū

ALL

I-au

Replace ḍamma-ḍamma-wāw by ḍamma-wāw.

uī > ī

ALL

I-au

Replace ḍamma-kasra-yā by kasra-yā.

au > ā

ALL

I-aa, I-ia, V, VI

Replace fatḥa-ḍamma by fatḥa-alif (maqṣūra).

aī > ay

D10

ALL

I-aa, I-ia, V, VI

Replace fatḥa-kasra-yā by fatḥa-yā.

iū > ū

D11

ALL

I-ai, I-ia, I-ii, II-IV, VII-X

Replace kasra-ḍamma-wāw by ḍamma-wāw.

iī > ī

D12

ALL

I-ai, I-ii, II-IV, VII-X

Replace kasra-kasra-yā by kasra-yā.

iu > ī

D13

ALL

I-ai, I-ii, II-IV, VII-X

Replace kasra-ḍamma by kasra-yā.

uw > u

D14

apocopatus, imperativus

I-au

Replace trailing ḍamma-wāw by ḍamma and drop sukūn.

iy > i

D15

apocopatus, imperativus

I-ai, I-ii, II-IV, VII-X

Replace trailing kasra-yā by kasra and drop sukūn.

ay > a

D16

apocopatus, imperativus

I-aa, I-ia, V, VI

Replace trailing fatḥa-yā by fatḥa and drop sukūn.

sukūn

D17

ALL

I-au

Remove sukūn from wāw when wāw is preceded by ḍamma.

sukūn

D18

ALL

I-ai, I-ia, I-ii, II-IV, VII-X

Remove sukūn from yā when yā is preceded by kasra.

sukūn

D19

ALL

I-aa, I-ia, V, VI

Insert sukūn after trailing fatḥa-yā.

sukūn

D20

ALL

I-aa, I-ai, I-au, I-ia, II-X

Insert sukūn on yā after trailing fatḥa-yā.

sukūn

D21

ALL

I-aa, I-ia, V, VI

Insert sukūn after yā in fatḥa-yā-nūn.

sukūn

D22

ALL

I-aa, I-ia, V, VI

Insert sukūn after wāw in fatḥa-wāw-nūn.

yā-alif

D23

ALL

Replace alif maqṣūra by alif mamdūda in trailing yā-fatḥa-alif (maqṣūra)

yā-alif

D24

ALL

Replace alif maqṣūra by alif mamdūda in trailing yā-šadda-fatḥa-alif (maqṣūra)

tā marbūta

D25

masdar

Change suffix to tā marbūta.

aa > ā

D26

masdar

III

Replace fatḥa-fatḥa by fatḥa-alif (mamdūda).

hamza

D27

masdar

IV, VII, VIII, X

Change R3 to hamza.

kasratan

D28

masdar

V, VI

Set suffix to kasratan.

kasratan

D29

active participle

I-aa, I-ai, I-au, I-ia, I-ii

Set suffix to kasratan.

yā-šadda

D30

passive participle

I-aa, I-ai, I-ia, I-ii

Replace ḍamma-wāw-yā in root-on-morph.type by kasra-yā-šadda.

wāw-šadda

D31

passive particple

I-au

Replace ḍamma-wāw-wāw in root-on-morph.type by ḍamma-wāw-šadda.

kasratan

D32

active participle

II, V

Set suffix to kasratan.

kasratan

D33

active participle

III, IV, VI, VII, VIII, X

Set suffix to kasratan.

fatḥatan

D34

passive participle

II, V

Set suffix to fatḥatan+alif maqsūra.

fatḥatan

D35

passive participle

III, IV, VI, VII, VIII, X

Set suffix to fatḥatan+alif maqsūra.

aR2a > ā

perfectum

I-au

Replace aR2a by long vowel ā if R3 has a vowel.

aR2a > u

perfectum

I-au

Replace aR2a by short vowel u if R3 has sukūn.

R2u > ū

imperfectum

I-au

Replace R2u by long vowel ū if R3 has a vowel.

R2u > u

imperfectum

I-au

Replace R2u by short vowel u if R3 has sukūn.

aR2a > ā

perfectum

I-ai

Replace aR2a by long vowel ā if R3 has a vowel.

aR2a > i

perfectum

I-ai

Replace aR2a by short vowel i if R3 has sukūn.

R2i > ī

imperfectum

I-ai

Replace R2i by long vowel ī if R3 has a vowel.

R2i > i

imperfectum

I-ai

Replace R2i by short vowel i if R3 has sukūn.

aR2i > ā

perfectum

I-ia

Replace aR2i by long vowel ā if R3 has a vowel.

aR2i > i

E10

perfectum

I-ia

Replace aR2i by short vowel i if R3 has sukūn.

R2a > ā

E11

imperfectum

I-ia

Replace R2a by long vowel ā if R3 has a vowel.

R2a > a

E12

imperfectum

I-ia

Replace R2a by short vowel a if R3 has sukūn.

R2a/i > a/i

E13

ALL

IV, X

Replace R2a/i by short vowel a/i if R3 has sukūn.

R2a > ā

E14

ALL

IV, X

Replace R2a by long vowel ā if R3 has a vowel.

R2i > ī

E15

ALL

IV, X

Replace R2i by long vowel ī if R3 has a vowel.

aR2a/i > a

E16

ALL

VII, VIII

Replace aR2a/i by short vowel a if R3 has sukūn.

aR2a/i > ā

E17

ALL

VII, VIII

Replace aR2a/i by long vowel ā if R3 has a vowel.

aux.vowel

E18

imperativus

Drop leading auxiliary vowel if R1 has a vowel.

tā marbūta

E19

masdar

IV, X

Set suffix to tā marbūta.

R2 > yā

E20

masdar

VII, VIII

Change R2 to yā.

R2 > hamza

E21

active participle

I-aa, I-ai, I-au, I-ia

Change R2 to hamza.

ḍamma-wāw

E22

passive participle

I-aa, I-ai, I-au, I-ia

Replace wāw-ḍamma-wāw by ḍamma-wāw if R2=wāw.

kasra-yā

E23

passive participle

I-aa, I-ai, I-au, I-ia

Replace yā-ḍamma-wāw by kasra-yā if R2=yā.

kasra-yā

E24

active participle

IV, X

Change R2-kasra to kasra-yā.

fatḥa-alif

E25

passive participle

IV, X

Change R2-fatḥa to fatḥa-alif.

fatḥa-alif

E26

act/pass participle

VII, VIII

Change R2-fatḥa/kasra to fatḥa-alif.

chair

ALL

Give R1=hamza a chair in accordance with the chair rules.

Form VIII infix

ALL

VIII

Change R1= hamza and Form VIII infix tā to tā-šadda, and drop sukūn on R1.

alif-madda

ALL

not VIII

Replace hamza, prefix fatḥa and R1=hamza by alif-madda, and drop sukūn on R1=hamza.

alif-madda

ALL

not VIII

Replace R1=hamza and fatḥa-alif by alif-madda.

'u' > 'ū

ALL

Replace prefix vowel u and R1=hamza by long vowel ū.

alif-madda

ALL

VIII

Replace hamza, prefix fatḥa and R1=hamza by alif-madda, and drop sukūn on R1=hamza.

'i' > ' ī

imperativus

I-aa, I-ai, I-ia

Replace auxiliary vowel i and R1=hamza by long vowel ī.

'u' > 'ū

imperativus

I-au

Replace auxiliary vowel u and R1=hamza by long vowel ū.

aux.vowel

F10

imperativus

I-aa, I-ai, I-ia

Drop leading auxiliary vowel if R1=hamza has a vowel.

R1 dropped

F11

imperativus

I-au

Drop R1=hamza for 3 verbs.

R1 > yā

F12

masdar

Replace R1=hamza by yā.

alif-madda

F13

masdar

Replace R1=hamza and fatḥa-alif by alif-madda.

alif-madda

F14

active participle

I-aa, I-ai, I-au, I-ia

Replace R1=hamza and fatḥa-alif by alif-madda.

alif-madda

F15

act/pass participle

Replace R1=hamza and fatḥa-alif by alif-madda.

chair

ALL

Give R2=hamza a chair in accordance with the chair rules.

alif-madda

masdar

Replace R2=hamza and fatḥa-alif by alif-madda.

alif-madda

masdar

Replace R2=hamza and fatḥa-alif by alif-madda.

chair

ALL

Give R3=hamza a chair in accordance with the chair rules.

alif-madda

ALL

Replace R3=hamza and fatḥa-alif by alif-madda.

tā marbūta

masdar

Set suffix to tā marbūta.

kasratan

active participle

I-aa, I-ai, I-au, I-ia

Set suffix to kasratan.

R2 dropped

apocopatus, imperativus

I-aa, IV

Drop R2=hamza.

R2 dropped

all but perfectum

I-aa

Drop R2=hamza.

R2 dropped

ALL

Drop R2=hamza.

aux.vowel

imperativus

I-aa

Drop leading auxiliary vowel if R1 has a vowel.

R2 dropped

masdar

Drop R2=hamza.

tā marbūta

masdar

Set suffix to tā marbūta.

R2 dropped

act/pass participle

Drop R2=hamza.

tašdīd

ALL

Replace nūn-nūn by nūn-šadda if R3=nūn and drop sukūn.

tašdīd

ALL

Replace tā-tā by tā-šadda if R3=tā and drop sukūn.

h-sukūn

imperativus

ALL

Add hā-sukūn to verbal form if length of verbal form is 2.

Additional rules to be applied are grouped by Typology. They can be viewed in the table above using the Typology selector.

Every verb is subject to the set of rules named General having a number of spelling rules as well as rules related to Form IX. A verb's typology determines which set of rules is to be applied. For example: a verb of typology Hollow is subject to the set of rules for typology Hollow, etcetera. There is no single set of rules for verb typologies Doubly Weak and Mixed. For these verb Typologies the sets of rules are applied of all constituent Typologies of that Doubly Weak or Mixed verb.

The set of rules named Special is applied exclusively to the verb with root (r, ', y) and Forms I-aa and IV.

		a	u	i	a + alif	sukūn	none
		1	2	3	4	5	6
none	1	ا	ا	ا	ا
a	2	ا	و	ى	ا	ا	ا
u	3	و	و	ى	و	و	و
i	4	ى	ى	ى	ى	ى	ى
sukūn	5	ا	و	ى	ا		-
alif	6	-	و	ى	-	-	-
y	7	ى	ى	ى	ى	ى	-
u + w	8	-	و	ى	و	و	-
y + sukūn	9	ى	ى	ى	ى		-

The Hamza chair table above is used to determine the hamza chair. Along the left hand side vertically it displays the character(s) preceding the hamza. Along the upper side horizontally it shows the character(s) following the hamza. Once these preceding and following characters are known the hamza chair can be simply read from the table at the intersection point of the row and column.

If for example there is an alif preceding the hamza (row 6) and there is a vowel i following the hamza (col 3), the point of intersection of this row and column shows the chair as a yā'. If applicable these rules are referred to as Hamza rules. They are displayed in the format (row,col): (6,3) in the example.

A 'none' preceding the hamza indicates the hamza is at the beginning of the verbal form. Similary, 'none' following the hamza indicates that the hamza is in final position.

Additional Rules and Hamza table