Conjugator | Rules

(hidden)	Action	Rule	Description
General	Form VIII infix	A1	Replace R1+infix tā' with R1+šadda if R1 in (tā' , ṯā' , dāl , ṭā' , ẓā).
General	Form VIII infix	A2	Replace R1+infix tā' with dāl+šadda if R1 = ḏāl.
General	Form VIII infix	A3	Replace infix tā' with dāl if R1 = zāy.
General	Form VIII infix	A4	Replace infix tā' with ṭā' if R1 in (ṣād, ḍād).
General	Form IX R3	J1	Separate double R3 with fatḥa if R3 has sukūn.
General	Form IX R3	J2	Separate double R3 with kasra if R3 has sukūn.
Geminated	R2,R3 coincide	C1	Let R2 and R3 coincide if both R1 and R3 have a vowel in the morpheme type.
Geminated	R2,R3 coincide	C2	Let R2, R3 coincide if R3 has a vowel in the morpheme type. R1 gets the R2 vowel if it has none.
Geminated	aux.vowel	C3	Drop leading auxiliary vowel if R1 has a vowel.
Assimilated	R1 dropped	B1	Drop R1=wāw.
Assimilated	Form VIII infix	B2	For R1=wāw replace R1+infix tā' with tā'-šadda and drop sukūn on R1
Assimilated	aux.vowel	B3	Drop leading auxiliary vowel if R2 has a vowel (R1=wāw).
Assimilated	iw > ī	B4	Replace auxiliary vowel i and R1=wāw with long vowel ī, and drop sukūn on R1.
Assimilated	sukūn	B5	Drop sukūn on R1.
Assimilated	uy > ū	B6	Replace auxiliary vowel u and R1=yā' with long vowel ū, and drop sukūn on R1.
Assimilated	uy > ū	B7	Replace prefix vowel u and R1=yā' with long vowel ū, and drop sukūn on R1.
Assimilated	aux.vowel	B8	Drop leading auxiliary vowel if R1 has a vowel (R1=wāw).
Assimilated	R1> yā'	B9	Change wāw to yā' and drop sukūn on R1.
Defective	R3 > yā'	D1	Change R3=wāw to yā'.
Defective	R3 dropped	D2	Drop R3 unless it has sukūn in the morph.type/is followed by ā/is part of iya or uwa.
Defective	aat > at	D3	Replace fatḥa-fatḥa-tā' with fatḥa-tā'.
Defective	aa > ā	D4	Replace fatḥa-fatḥa with fatḥa-alif (mamdūda).
Defective	aa > ā	D5	Replace fatḥa-fatḥa with fatḥa-alif (maqṣūra).
Defective	uu > ū	D6	Replace ḍamma-ḍamma with ḍamma-wāw.
Defective	aū > aw	D7	Replace fatḥa-ḍamma-wāw with fatḥa-wāw.
Defective	uū > ū	D8	Replace ḍamma-ḍamma-wāw with ḍamma-wāw.
Defective	uī > ī	D9	Replace ḍamma-kasra-yā' with kasra-yā'.
Defective	au > ā	D10	Replace fatḥa-ḍamma with fatḥa-alif (maqṣūra).
Defective	aī > ay	D11	Replace fatḥa-kasra-yā' with fatḥa-yā'.
Defective	iū > ū	D12	Replace kasra-ḍamma-wāw with ḍamma-wāw.
Defective	iī > ī	D13	Replace kasra-kasra-yā' with kasra-yā'.
Defective	iu > ī	D14	Replace kasra-ḍamma with kasra-yā'.
Defective	uw > u	D15	Replace trailing ḍamma-wāw with ḍamma and drop sukūn.
Defective	iy > i	D16	Replace trailing kasra-yā' with kasra and drop sukūn.
Defective	ay > a	D17	Replace trailing fatḥa-yā' with fatḥa and drop sukūn.
Defective	sukūn	D18	Remove sukūn from wāw when wāw is preceded by ḍamma.
Defective	sukūn	D19	Remove sukūn from yā' when yā' is preceded by kasra.
Defective	sukūn	D20	Insert sukūn after trailing fatḥa-yā'.
Defective	sukūn	D21	Insert sukūn after wāw in trailing fatḥa-wāw-alif.
Defective	sukūn	D22	Insert sukūn after yā' in fatḥa-yā'-nūn.
Defective	sukūn	D23	Insert sukūn after wāw in fatḥa-wāw-nūn.
Defective	yā'-alif	D24	Replace alif maqṣūra with alif mamdūda in trailing yā'-fatḥa-alif (maqṣūra)
Defective	yā'-alif	D25	Replace alif maqṣūra with alif mamdūda in trailing yā'-šadda-fatḥa-alif (maqṣūra)
Defective	tā' marbūṭa	D26	Change suffix to tā' marbūṭa.
Defective	aa > ā	D27	Replace fatḥa-fatḥa with fatḥa-alif (mamdūda).
Defective	hamza	D28	Change R3 to hamza.
Defective	kasratān	D29	Set suffix to kasratān.
Defective	yā'-šadda	D30	Replace ḍamma-wāw-yā' in root-on-morph.type with kasra-yā'-šadda.
Defective	wāw-šadda	D31	Replace ḍamma-wāw-wāw in root-on-morph.type with ḍamma-wāw-šadda.
Defective	fatḥatān	D32	Set suffix to fatḥatān+alif maqsūra.
Hollow	aR2a/i > ā	E1	Replace aR2a/i with long vowel ā if R3 has a vowel.
Hollow	aR2a > u	E2	Replace aR2a with short vowel u if R3 has sukūn.
Hollow	R2u > ū	E3	Replace R2u with long vowel ū if R3 has a vowel.
Hollow	R2a/i/u > a/i/u	E4	Replace R2a/i/u with short vowel a/i/u if R3 has sukūn.
Hollow	R2a > ā	E5	Replace R2a with long vowel ā if R3 has a vowel.
Hollow	aR2a/i > i	E6	Replace aR2a with short vowel i if R3 has sukūn.
Hollow	R2i > ī	E7	Replace R2i with long vowel ī if R3 has a vowel.
Hollow	aR2a/i > a	E8	Replace aR2a/i with short vowel a if R3 has sukūn.
Hollow	uR2i > ī	E9	Replace uR2i with long vowel ī if R3 has a vowel.
Hollow	uR2i > i	E10	Replace uR2i with short vowel i if R3 has a vowel.
Hollow	aux.vowel	E11	Drop leading auxiliary vowel if R1 has a vowel.
Hollow	tā' marbūṭa	E12	Set suffix to tā' marbūṭa.
Hollow	R2 > yā'	E13	Change R2 to yā'.
Hollow	R2 > hamza	E14	Change R2 to hamza.
Hollow	ḍamma-wāw	E15	Replace wāw-ḍamma-wāw with ḍamma-wāw if R2=wāw.
Hollow	kasra-yā'	E16	Replace yā'-ḍamma-wāw with kasra-yā' if R2=yā'.
Hollow	kasra-yā'	E17	Change R2-kasra to kasra-yā'.
Hollow	fatḥa-alif	E18	Change R2-fatḥa to fatḥa-alif.
Hollow	fatḥa-alif	E19	Change R2-fatḥa/kasra to fatḥa-alif.
Hamzated	hamza seat	F1	Give R1=hamza a seat in accordance with the seat rules.
Hamzated	Form VIII infix	F2	Change R1= hamza and Form VIII infix tā' to tā'-šadda, and drop sukūn on R1.
Hamzated	alif-madda	F3	Replace hamza, prefix fatḥa and R1=hamza with alif-madda, and drop sukūn on R1=hamza.
Hamzated	alif-madda	F4	Replace R1=hamza and fatḥa-alif with alif-madda.
Hamzated	'u' > 'ū	F5	Replace prefix vowel u and R1=hamza with long vowel ū.
Hamzated	'i' > ' ī	F6	Replace auxiliary vowel i and R1=hamza with long vowel ī.
Hamzated	'u' > 'ū	F7	Replace auxiliary vowel u and R1=hamza with long vowel ū.
Hamzated	aux.vowel	F8	Drop leading auxiliary vowel if R1=hamza has a vowel.
Hamzated	R1 dropped	F9	Drop R1=hamza for 3 special R1=hamza verbs.
Hamzated	R1 > yā'	F10	Replace R1=hamza with yā'.
Hamzated	hamza seat	G1	Give R2=hamza a seat in accordance with the seat rules.
Hamzated	alif-madda	G2	Replace R2=hamza and fatḥa-alif with alif-madda.
Hamzated	hamza seat	H1	Give R3=hamza a seat in accordance with the seat rules.
Hamzated	alif-madda	H2	Replace R3=hamza and fatḥa-alif with alif-madda.
Hamzated	tā' marbūṭa	H3	Set suffix to tā' marbūṭa.
Hamzated	kasratān	H4	Set suffix to kasratān.
Special	R2 dropped	K1	Drop R2=hamza.
Special	aux.vowel	K2	Drop leading auxiliary vowel if R1 has a vowel.
Special	tā' marbūṭa	K3	Set suffix to tā' marbūṭa.
General	tašdīd	X1	Replace nūn-nūn with nūn-šadda if R3=nūn and drop sukūn.
General	tašdīd	X2	Replace tā'-tā' with tā'-šadda if R3=tā' and drop sukūn.
General	hā'-sukūn	X3	Add hā'-sukūn to verbal form if length of verbal form is 2.

Action

Rule

Description

Form VIII infix

Replace R1+infix tā' with R1+šadda if R1 in (tā' , ṯā' , dāl , ṭā' , ẓā).

Form VIII infix

Replace R1+infix tā' with dāl+šadda if R1 = ḏāl.

Form VIII infix

Replace infix tā' with dāl if R1 = zāy.

Form VIII infix

Replace infix tā' with ṭā' if R1 in (ṣād, ḍād).

Form IX R3

Separate double R3 with fatḥa if R3 has sukūn.

Form IX R3

Separate double R3 with kasra if R3 has sukūn.

R2,R3 coincide

Let R2 and R3 coincide if both R1 and R3 have a vowel in the morpheme type.

R2,R3 coincide

Let R2, R3 coincide if R3 has a vowel in the morpheme type. R1 gets the R2 vowel if it has none.

aux.vowel

Drop leading auxiliary vowel if R1 has a vowel.

R1 dropped

Drop R1=wāw.

Form VIII infix

For R1=wāw replace R1+infix tā' with tā'-šadda and drop sukūn on R1

aux.vowel

Drop leading auxiliary vowel if R2 has a vowel (R1=wāw).

iw > ī

Replace auxiliary vowel i and R1=wāw with long vowel ī, and drop sukūn on R1.

sukūn

Drop sukūn on R1.

uy > ū

Replace auxiliary vowel u and R1=yā' with long vowel ū, and drop sukūn on R1.

uy > ū

Replace prefix vowel u and R1=yā' with long vowel ū, and drop sukūn on R1.

aux.vowel

Drop leading auxiliary vowel if R1 has a vowel (R1=wāw).

R1> yā'

Change wāw to yā' and drop sukūn on R1.

R3 > yā'

Change R3=wāw to yā'.

R3 dropped

Drop R3 unless it has sukūn in the morph.type/is followed by ā/is part of iya or uwa.

aat > at

Replace fatḥa-fatḥa-tā' with fatḥa-tā'.

aa > ā

Replace fatḥa-fatḥa with fatḥa-alif (mamdūda).

aa > ā

Replace fatḥa-fatḥa with fatḥa-alif (maqṣūra).

uu > ū

Replace ḍamma-ḍamma with ḍamma-wāw.

aū > aw

Replace fatḥa-ḍamma-wāw with fatḥa-wāw.

uū > ū

Replace ḍamma-ḍamma-wāw with ḍamma-wāw.

uī > ī

Replace ḍamma-kasra-yā' with kasra-yā'.

au > ā

D10

Replace fatḥa-ḍamma with fatḥa-alif (maqṣūra).

aī > ay

D11

Replace fatḥa-kasra-yā' with fatḥa-yā'.

iū > ū

D12

Replace kasra-ḍamma-wāw with ḍamma-wāw.

iī > ī

D13

Replace kasra-kasra-yā' with kasra-yā'.

iu > ī

D14

Replace kasra-ḍamma with kasra-yā'.

uw > u

D15

Replace trailing ḍamma-wāw with ḍamma and drop sukūn.

iy > i

D16

Replace trailing kasra-yā' with kasra and drop sukūn.

ay > a

D17

Replace trailing fatḥa-yā' with fatḥa and drop sukūn.

sukūn

D18

Remove sukūn from wāw when wāw is preceded by ḍamma.

sukūn

D19

Remove sukūn from yā' when yā' is preceded by kasra.

sukūn

D20

Insert sukūn after trailing fatḥa-yā'.

sukūn

D21

Insert sukūn after wāw in trailing fatḥa-wāw-alif.

sukūn

D22

Insert sukūn after yā' in fatḥa-yā'-nūn.

sukūn

D23

Insert sukūn after wāw in fatḥa-wāw-nūn.

yā'-alif

D24

Replace alif maqṣūra with alif mamdūda in trailing yā'-fatḥa-alif (maqṣūra)

yā'-alif

D25

Replace alif maqṣūra with alif mamdūda in trailing yā'-šadda-fatḥa-alif (maqṣūra)

tā' marbūṭa

D26

Change suffix to tā' marbūṭa.

aa > ā

D27

Replace fatḥa-fatḥa with fatḥa-alif (mamdūda).

hamza

D28

Change R3 to hamza.

kasratān

D29

Set suffix to kasratān.

yā'-šadda

D30

Replace ḍamma-wāw-yā' in root-on-morph.type with kasra-yā'-šadda.

wāw-šadda

D31

Replace ḍamma-wāw-wāw in root-on-morph.type with ḍamma-wāw-šadda.

fatḥatān

D32

Set suffix to fatḥatān+alif maqsūra.

aR2a/i > ā

Replace aR2a/i with long vowel ā if R3 has a vowel.

aR2a > u

Replace aR2a with short vowel u if R3 has sukūn.

R2u > ū

Replace R2u with long vowel ū if R3 has a vowel.

R2a/i/u > a/i/u

Replace R2a/i/u with short vowel a/i/u if R3 has sukūn.

R2a > ā

Replace R2a with long vowel ā if R3 has a vowel.

aR2a/i > i

Replace aR2a with short vowel i if R3 has sukūn.

R2i > ī

Replace R2i with long vowel ī if R3 has a vowel.

aR2a/i > a

Replace aR2a/i with short vowel a if R3 has sukūn.

uR2i > ī

Replace uR2i with long vowel ī if R3 has a vowel.

uR2i > i

E10

Replace uR2i with short vowel i if R3 has a vowel.

aux.vowel

E11

Drop leading auxiliary vowel if R1 has a vowel.

tā' marbūṭa

E12

Set suffix to tā' marbūṭa.

R2 > yā'

E13

Change R2 to yā'.

R2 > hamza

E14

Change R2 to hamza.

ḍamma-wāw

E15

Replace wāw-ḍamma-wāw with ḍamma-wāw if R2=wāw.

kasra-yā'

E16

Replace yā'-ḍamma-wāw with kasra-yā' if R2=yā'.

kasra-yā'

E17

Change R2-kasra to kasra-yā'.

fatḥa-alif

E18

Change R2-fatḥa to fatḥa-alif.

fatḥa-alif

E19

Change R2-fatḥa/kasra to fatḥa-alif.

hamza seat

Give R1=hamza a seat in accordance with the seat rules.

Form VIII infix

Change R1= hamza and Form VIII infix tā' to tā'-šadda, and drop sukūn on R1.

alif-madda

Replace hamza, prefix fatḥa and R1=hamza with alif-madda, and drop sukūn on R1=hamza.

alif-madda

Replace R1=hamza and fatḥa-alif with alif-madda.

'u' > 'ū

Replace prefix vowel u and R1=hamza with long vowel ū.

'i' > ' ī

Replace auxiliary vowel i and R1=hamza with long vowel ī.

'u' > 'ū

Replace auxiliary vowel u and R1=hamza with long vowel ū.

aux.vowel

Drop leading auxiliary vowel if R1=hamza has a vowel.

R1 dropped

Drop R1=hamza for 3 special R1=hamza verbs.

R1 > yā'

F10

Replace R1=hamza with yā'.

hamza seat

Give R2=hamza a seat in accordance with the seat rules.

alif-madda

Replace R2=hamza and fatḥa-alif with alif-madda.

hamza seat

Give R3=hamza a seat in accordance with the seat rules.

alif-madda

Replace R3=hamza and fatḥa-alif with alif-madda.

tā' marbūṭa

Set suffix to tā' marbūṭa.

kasratān

Set suffix to kasratān.

R2 dropped

Drop R2=hamza.

aux.vowel

Drop leading auxiliary vowel if R1 has a vowel.

tā' marbūṭa

Set suffix to tā' marbūṭa.

tašdīd

Replace nūn-nūn with nūn-šadda if R3=nūn and drop sukūn.

tašdīd

Replace tā'-tā' with tā'-šadda if R3=tā' and drop sukūn.

hā'-sukūn

Add hā'-sukūn to verbal form if length of verbal form is 2.

Additional rules to be applied are grouped by Typology. They can be viewed in the table above using the Typology selector.

Every verb is subject to the set of rules named General having a number of spelling rules as well as rules related to Form IX. A verb's typology determines which set of rules is to be applied. For example: a verb of typology Hollow is subject to the set of rules for typology Hollow, etcetera. There is no single set of rules for verb typologies Doubly Weak and Mixed. For these verb Typologies the sets of rules are applied of all constituent Typologies of that Doubly Weak or Mixed verb.

The set of rules named Special is applied exclusively to the verb with root (r, ', y) and Forms I-aa and IV.

sukūn

an-alif

none

sukūn

The Hamza Seat Rules table above is used to determine a hamza's seat. Along the left hand side vertically it displays the character(s) preceding the hamza. Along the upper side horizontally it shows the character(s) following the hamza. Once these preceding and following characters are known the hamza seat can be simply read from the table at the intersection point of the row and column.

In determining the characters preceding and following the hamza long vowels and diphthongs have precedence over short vowels and 'sukūn'. If a hamza carries 'shadda' then this 'shadda' is ignored in the process of determining the characters following the hamza.

A 'none' preceding the hamza indicates the hamza is the first character of a word. Similary, 'none' following the hamza indicates that the hamza is in final position.

If for example there is 'a' preceding the hamza (row 4) and there is 'u' following the hamza (col 2), the point of intersection of this row and column shows the hamza seat as a wāw. Where applicable these rules are referred to as Hamza rules. They are displayed in the format (row,col): (4,2) in the example.